teora de la literatura preguntas Essays - , Term Papers

PREGUNTAS CORTAS: TEMA 1: Concepto y origen del circulo hermeneutico El termino hermeneutica proviene del verbo griego ( jermeneueien ) que significa interpretar, declarar, anunciar, esclarecer y, por ultimo, traducir. Significa que alguna cosa se vuelve comprensible o se lleva a la comprension. Se considera que el termino deriva del nombre del dios griego Hermes, el mensajero, al que los griegos atribuian el origen del lenguaje y la escritura, y al que consideraban dios de la comunicacion y el entendimiento humano. El termino originalmente expresaba la comprension y explicacion de una sentencia oscura y enigmatica de los dioses u oraculo, que precisaba una interpretacion correcta. La hermeneutica es un metodo, una disciplina, que trata de la interpretacion de los textos, se ocupa de buscar el significado preciso y esclarecer las ideas que transmiten los textos; ideas y significados que en ocasiones no son evidentes. Asi pues, tiene como eje la comprension de los objetos verbales y esteticos. Despues de permanecer recluida durante varios siglos en el ambito de la teologia, en el Romanticismo evoluciona y se abre a todo tipo de textos En la actualidad la disciplina se dedica a la interpretacion de los textos buscando su significado preciso. Despues de permanecer recluida durante siglos en el ambito de la teologia, en el Romanticismo se abre a todo tipo de textos con SCHLEIERMACHER. La gran aportacion de SCHLEIERMACHER fue la articulacion de la teoria hermeneutica y cuyo objetivo era entender el discurso tambien como el autor, y despues mejor que el. Presento una teoria coherente sobre el proceso de interpretacion de textos, a esta teoria se le conoce como circulo hermeneutico. El circulo hermeneutico es un sistema circular basado en la comunicacion entre un emisor y un receptor, entre los que hay un mismo contexto social y lingistico. Este contexto comun, es el que posibilita la comunicacion ente dos personas. El receptor puede comprender el discurso del emisor porque ambos poseen una gramatica comun, ademas, al poseer un mismo contexto social favorece la empatia. El circulo hermeneutico esta articulado en dos dimensiones: 1 objetiva, historica, comparativa 2 psicologica y subjetiva. El objetivo es comprender al autor mas alla que el Cada interprete necesita introducirse en primer lugar en la dimension social y la dimension individual del autor para comprenderlo (dimension objetiva). Para ello, el interprete debera identificarse con las intenciones, formas de pensamiento, situacion historica y el contexto historico del autor. De este modo, en la medida en que el lector se identifique con el autor y se ponga en su lugar, tanto mejor sera la interpretacion. el. 1805 el ano en el que SCHLEIERMACHER plantea esta teoria. Epistemologia y gnoseologia Epistemologia: Procede de dos voces griegas (episteme "conocimiento") y (logos "estudio") Epistemologia: Rama de la filosofia cuyo objeto de estudio es el conocimiento; en este sentido se aborda de que manera se logra la obtencion del conocimiento, asi como las circunstancias en las que se obtiene. La Epistemologia se encontraba en la Grecia Antigua en filosofos como Parmenides o Platon. En Grecia se diferenciaban dos tipos de conocimiento: Episteme / Doxa Doxa: Conocimiento vulgar no sometido a una reflexion rigurosa critica (opinion) Episteme: Conocimiento reflexivo elaborado con rigor. Ambito de la verdad Es habitual confundir los terminos Gnoseologia y Epistemologia. La Gnoseologia es la f acultad de conocer Diferencias: El objetivo de la Gnoseologia es reflexionar sobre el origen, esencia, naturaleza, los limites del acto cognitivo. Por el contrario, la epistemologia se ocupa del conocimiento reflexivo, reflexivo, analitico, cientifico CIENCIAS DE LA CULTURA, HUMANAS, SOCIALES o DEL ESPIRITU Ciencia de la cultura : Un concepto que se crea a partir de la segunda mitad del SG XX, y a partir de la obra de ERNST CASSIRER, cuyos estudios se centran en la siguiente tesis: "La ciencia no es el unico medio por el cual el hombre configura la realidad"; la ciencia nos ofrece una comprension del mundo cuya caracteristica principal consiste en la insercion de lo particular en una forma universal y ordenada, mostrandonos como cada individuo es un caso concreto de una ley general. A parte de este segun CASSIRER hay otros modos de configuracion del mundo que no son cientificos, sino prerracionales o imaginativos, como el arte, la mitologia,

Spring Essay Example

Spring Essay Example Spring Essay Spring Essay There is a joy to spring that is like no other time of year. The winter cold and gray skies give way to the sunshine and winds that warm you, instead of chilling you to the bone.   Freezing winter rains give way to the soft gentle sprinkles needed for rebirth. It’s like waking up slowly from a restful night and knowing that the day holds exciting adventures. Spring sneaks up on you, like a wonderful surprise, just when you thought winter and the bitter cold were going to last forever. Then, one morning, as if out of nowhere, tiny blades of newborn grass peak out of the barren ground and sun falls warm on the windowpane. Chirping birds hunt for the just hatched bugs and squirrels yawn and stretch, poking their noses out into the spring air to decide if it is warm enough to stop their winter’s sleep. Life springs forth all at once and the longer days coax the spring flowers to brighten the world a bit more. First, the daffodils pop up as if by magic, their bright yellow cups mirroring the sunshine. And while we are distracted by the daffodils, the azaleas bloom and the tulips reach for the sun, adding ever more color to a world that just days ago was nothing but gray. In spring, it feels as though the world and nature itself are optimistic, deciding that it is worth continuing on. Each day holds a new surprise and new joys to behold. With the flowers and warming sun, comfortable breezes and soft rains, is it any wonder I love spring?

Second Home Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Second Home - Essay Example Specifically, the author’s diction, her sentence structure, the choice of words, imagery, and figurative language are important aspects of the use of tone. One of the key techniques employed by the writer is the use of imagery in expressing the mood of the essay. The author is extravagant in painting images and visual aspects of the places that she describes in the minds of the readers. This use of image shapes the general idea of the subject in the mind of the reader by portraying it as either negative or negative. For instance, the writer clearly shows that she is lonely in saying that â€Å"in general, I get a huge amount of pleasure out of filling my home with the things that other people used to have in theirs. What more can I say?† The writer further portrays herself as a nonsocial being using aspects of imagery. It is, in fact, the reason why she constantly remembers her childhood and seeks comfort in personifying objects. â€Å"I had a nice phone conversation with the woman who runs the store and ordered two dolls from her store, both young ladies, thinking it would be awesome if my family was made up of two grown siblin gs living together.† The writer further explores figurative language in shaping the feelings of the reader. For example, the writer states that â€Å"I had a revival of interest in my dollhouse when I was around 11.† This statement goes to show that she was reminiscing about her childhood and missing it. The same technique is used in her later life as she remembers her dollhouse to remember her childhood. The writer uses the scale of 1:12 to show the importance of making a good dollhouse. She says that â€Å"one inch representing one foot in a real room†. Moreover, the writer personifies the dolls towards the end of the essay by calling them Lily and Hyacinth. The author uses her word diction to portray the mood of the essay by changing between formal and ordinary levels.

Management Information System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Management Information System - Essay Example competes with a host of other financial institutions such as banks, brokerage firms, insurance companies among others hence there is stiff competition. As a way of attempting to position itself better in the market, the company sought to outsource its IT infrastructure to IBM, a computing giant as a result of different reasons. First and foremost, this is an attempt to add value to their company among employees, clients and shareholders by improving efficiency as well as reducing costs while at the same time improving quality. Given that IBM is a renowned computing giant, JP Morgan thought it would be a wise decision to incorporate this company as a way of trying to portray its image in a better position. In this case outsourcing would add value in that IBM is a well established computing giant often treated with great esteem by various stakeholders such that its incorporation by JP Morgan would attract a positive response from different stakeholders. By virtue of running several business entities, JP Morgan thought that by scaling its IT expenditures, it would reduce its actual needs of paying full costs that would be based on projections made earlier. Therefore, it can be noted that JP Morgan sought to reduce costs on its part by centralizing the IT business to one big, reputable company which is IBM computers. In actual fact, JP Morgan simply wants to take a precautionary measure in the face of competition against other major financial giants such that it thought outsourcing would help spruce its image as well as help reducing expenditure by centralizing its IT issues to one computing giant. The main problem raised here is that of the overuse of traditional means of processing information during the contemporary time of digital age where new information and technology is reigning supreme. The result of the use of old means of processing information is failure to access information readily when it is needed to combat an otherwise imminent disaster. FBI in this

Strategic Management market segmentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Strategic Management market segmentation - Essay Example 4. Recruit the relevant people by suitably interviewing them and then selecting them. They need to be trained on the questions and the aim of the questions. Then the recruits need to be sent out to the field to collect the relevant data from the planned samples. I do some research for Enterprise Portfolio Management Office in AAA of Northern California. What this office does is Project Portfolio Management (PPM) - a new discipline in organizations, the one that links strategy formulation with the strategy implementation through selecting, prioritizing, optimizing and controlling project portfolio (the set of all projects in an organization). PPM is used the most in IT management (because IT was always the leader in project management), but now PPM is used to manage any portfolio of projects. 3. Initiatives are made, followed through, altered and appropriately projected to ensure clearer and firmer picture. Only those initiatives and projects that subscribe to this view needs to be brought under the scope of this initiative. 6. A bird's eye view of the overall initiative is seeable. ... PPM is used the most in IT management (because IT was always the leader in project management), but now PPM is used to manage any portfolio of projects. Please study some of the articles on PPM: 1. http://www.projectperfect.com.au/downloads/info_PPM.pdf 2. http://www.grantthornton.com/downloads/APM_whitepaper_100814.pdf 3. http://www.welcom.com/content.cfmpage=530 1. What issues would you consider when selecting projects to implement your strategy The following issues need to be considered while implementing the Project Portfolio Management Strategy in the company. 1. Projects should be aligned with initiatives and the business objectives of the company. Initiatives become the projects and transcend annual budget borders. 2. While selecting the projects we need to look at which of them would need a closer watch, a bird's eye view, resource sharing and appropriate use of all available resources. 3. Initiatives are made, followed through, altered and appropriately projected to ensure clearer and firmer picture. Only those initiatives and projects that subscribe to this view needs to be brought under the scope of this initiative. Those projects where we might like to reap the following rewards, we need to implement the new strategy. 1. Faster and transparent change management 2. Quicker results since we have a close watch on the progress of the initiatives. 3. Minor projects will remain minor and not become a major issue that needs to be tackled post haste. 4. Initiative objectives are transparent and targets are achieved there rather than have the project dictate the objectives. 5. Portfolios can be constantly altered to enhance gains 6. A bird's eye view of the overall initiative is seeable. This will establish links across projects and

Liquidity Ratio Analysis

Liquidity Ratio Analysis Liquidity ratio is a measure of the ability of the company to transform immediately of its assets into any other asset and pay their short term obligation due on time. This is among the important measurement which involve planning and controlling the current assets and current liabilities. Cash is among the very liquid assets compare to fixed asset which is illiquid. Liquidity ratio analysis of the company must be done first in analyzing the companys financial position. This is due to the serious problems that might arise such as potential insolvency and mismanagement by the manager. The commonly liquidity ratio used are current ratio and quick ratio for a quick check of liquidity, but there are also another component to have better understanding of companys ability to make payments to other parties such as cash cycle, working capital, accounts receivable, inventories, current liabilities. Besides the use of the liquidity ratio as determinant of firms ability to pay for short term debt, it also can be used to avoid of excessive holding of inventory. The financial analysts commonly used the specific liquidity ratio such as current and quick ratios, which allow them to make temporal or cross sectional comparison which is within the company itself or other companies in the industries. As part of it, another concept that also commonly used to identify the liquidity of the company is working capital which is calculated by deducting the current liabilities of the firm from the current liabilities. The working capital is very important measurement in determining financial stability for the company. It is health for the company to have more current assets over its current liabilities suppose to be practiced by the company. The company needs to stress on the liquidity management because from the previous research on companys balance sheet composition in Spanish found that 69 percent of the assets is current asset and 52 percent of liabilities represent current liabilities (La Porta et al, 1997). According to Petersen and Rajan (1997), the high percentage of current liabilities due to the reason that the current liabilities become one of their main external financial loans because the company failed to obtain the long term fund from the bank and other creditors. This is also supported by other researcher such as Whited (1992), Petersen and Fazzari (1993) that stated that current liabilities become one of resources due to their financial constrain. Also research done in US by Elliehhausen and Wolken (1993), Petersen and Rajan (1997) found that the US small and medium firm size depend on current liabilities when they have financial problems. The efficient liquidity management is particularly important for the big companies as well as small companies. It is rather important in small companies as highlighted by Peel and Wilson (1996). If a companys current liabilities exceed the amount of current assets, the company will face the problems to pay back the creditors in the short term. If this problem persists, the company could end up into bankruptcy. As stated by Nicholas (1991) that companies that did not concern to improve liquidity management until it was too late and reaching crisis conditions or end up on the verge of bankruptcy. Furthermore, it is important to have liquidity management in good times and it takes further importance in troubled times. The useful of liquidity ratio Liquidity ratio as part of accounting ration is important tools in financial analysis. Basically, these ratios used to identify the ability of the firm to pay it debt, to evaluate company performance as well as to access company value. According Palepu et al (2003) analysis done may be within company itself, or for the particular firm but compare for several years, compare the same ratio for the different company in same industry. From previous studies, they found that accounting ratio also useful in providing information for decision making process (Houghton, and Woodliff, 1987, Thomas and Evanson (1987, Lewellen, 2004). For some instant, liquidity ratio also useful in predicting business failures (Beaver, 1966; Altman (1968). The excess in working capital represents a safety cushion for providers of short-term funds of the company such as creditors, bank. This is also viewed positively the availability of excessive levels of working capital and cash. However, from an operating point of view, this excessive of working capital has been looked as a restraint on financial performance because these assets do not contribute to return on equity (Sanger, 2001). A lot of techniques could be applied to improve liquidity and cash positions, at the same time it can increase the efficiency of their management. At the end it would result in high profitability. These include credit insurance (Brealey and Myers, 1996; Unsworth, 2000; and Raspanti, 2000), factoring of receivables (Brealey and Myers, 1996; Summers and Wilson, 2000). The effect of liquidity management The efficiency of liquidity planning and control which include liquidity management, working capital and cash management have significant effect towards the profits. Actually, the most important is to have efficient liquidity management and the next, profitability will follow as well. The important of companys liquidity can be seen from different perspectives. Basically the idea of companys liquidity laid on the going concern concept which not involved any default in near future. The first party who interested on companys liquidity is short term lenders. These lenders interested on payment made on the debt and short term obligation because they can reasonably expected to be paid. For their own security, lenders would prefer the company with a high liquidity as their protection. For the investors and management, holding large cash balances is not the benefit activities in the company. Besides the problem due to the existence of the cash, this cash also become as extra cost to the company. The company actually has forgone the interest income from short term investment if they hold a lot of surplus cash. On the other hand, it is also necessary for company to hold cash to make immediate payments in the case to undertake rapidly the most desirable projects, and to deal without major disruptions with unforeseen problems. The amount of cash depend on expected growth and faces risk, the higher the expectation, the more the company must have a cushion of ready cash. The surplus cash on hand allow company to take advantage of new opportunities quickly. A healthy cash position helps stemming from new products, changing customer tastes or changing market conditions. Another factor to be considered for keeping on hand other liquid assets such as receivables is as a part of sales strategy of the firm. Companies usually offer their customer to take 30, 60, 90 days or more to pay for their purchases. This is to encourage immediate purchase of the customer in the big amount. Account payables are a major element of corporate finance. According to Rajan and Zingales (1995) the aggregate amount of payables in American firms was a significant part (17.8%) of total assets for all in the early 1990s. Other country such as Germany, France and Italy, also shown the very significant amount of payables which represents more than a quarter of total corporate assets, in United Kingdom payable also show significant value which represent 70% of total short-term debt (credit extended) while 55% of total credit received by firms is made up of account payables(Kohler et al., 2000; Guariglia and Mateut, 2006). In fact, payables are also important factor in emerging economies, like China, due to limited support from the banking system. The companies depending more on credit on purchases compared to other forms such as bank loans as highlighted by Ge and Qiu, (2007). Similar to Atanasova and Wilson (2004) find that smaller UK companies tend to increase their reliance on inter-firm credit to avoid bank credit rationing. However, account payable does not need fully attention for the company since it does not consumes resources but serve as short term of source of finance. The benefits arise that it could reduce the cash gap. Previous researchers have viewed the relationship trade-off between inventories and payables such as Nadiri (1969), Schwartz (1974), Ferris (1981) and Emery (1987)). Only Emery (1987) considers explicitly the trade-off between trade credits and inventories but his study does not include the deterministic variable demand framework. More recently, the study from Daripa and Nilsen (2005) has theoretically investigated how this trade-off could affect the terms of credit agreements. In their model, suppliers offer trade credit as an incentive to buyers to hold higher inventories. Normally, managements concerned with liquidity but they cannot only concern liquidity as single element because when there are shortage or excessive in receivables or inventory it usually will reflected to production, sales efforts, fixed assets or other management decision parameters, not liquidity alone. As highlighted before, receivables and inventory reflected to sales and production strategies. Working capital is also important factor in liquidity management due to its effect on the profitability and risk of the firm. Specifically, the investment in working capital is highly related with tradeoff between profitability and risk which means that if the company decides to increase the profit, they have to face the increase in risk as well as stated by Smith (1980). There are a lot of determinants of working capital such as stated by Chiou and Cheng (2006) in their study: 1. To examine methodically by separating into parts and studying their interrelations. 2. Chemistry To make a chemical analysis of. 3. factor influence working capital such as business indicators, industry effect, operating cash flows, growth opportunity for a firm, firm performance and size of firm. The study has clearly identified that determinant of working capital 1. To represent in a picture or sculpture. 2. To represent in words; describe. See Synonyms at represent. consistent results of leverage and operating cash flow Operating cash flow Earnings before depreciation minus taxes. Measures the cash generated from operations, not counting capital spending or working capital requirements. for both net liquid balance and working capital requirements. However, Capital requirements Financing required for the operation of a business, composed of long-term and working capital plus fixed assets. some variables unable to produce consistent conclusions for net liquid balance and working capital requirements of firms like business indicator, industry effect, growth opportunities, performance of firm, and size of firm. Similar study has been done by Nazir and Afza (2008) which have used both external and internal factors to explore the determinants of working capital requirements of a firm. They identified internal factors were operating cycle Operating cycle The average time between the acquisition of materials or services and the final cash realization from that acquisition. operating cycle , operating cash flows, leverage, size, ROA, Tobins q and growth while industry dummy Sham; make-believe; pretended; imitation. Person who serves in place of another, or who serves until the proper person is named or available to take his place (e.g., dummy corporate directors; dummy owners of real estate). and level of economic activity were recognize as external macroeconomic n. (used with a sing. verb) The study of the overall aspects and workings of a national economy, such as income, output, and the interrelationship among diverse economic sectors. factors. From the study, they found that operating cycle, leverage, ROA and q had a significant influence on the working capital requirements. Their finding further revealed that working capital management practices are also have significant related to industry and different industries are following different working capital requirements. Another study has been done on impact of the different variables of working capital management by Rehman (2006). The study have recognize that the variable including Average Collection Period, Inventory Turnover in Days, Average Payment Period and Cash gap on the Net Operating Profitability of firms has a strong negative relationship between above working capital ratios and profitability of firms. Another element of liquidity management that is also important is cash gap which has high relationship with working capital. This is supported by Gitman (1974) that mentioned that cash gap is among important factor in working capital management. Cash gap or cash gap can give significant effect towards companies profitability. The shorter the period, companies could generate high volume of profit. The value of the firm also increase with the reduction on number of days for which the account are outstanding (Teruel and Solaano, 2007). Investment in inventory and trade debtor which customers still owe to the company are not being able to pay off any of the companys obligations. It will affect as an increase in the working capital if a company is not operating in the most efficient manner. The slow collection as cash will affected the cash collection cycle. Uyar (2009) examined the relationship between types of industry with cash gap. The study is done on merchandising and manufacturing companies and found that merchandising industry has shorter CCC than manufacturing industries. He also investigate the relationship between the length of the CCC and the size of the firms and the findings indicated there is a significant negative correlation Noun 1. negative correlation a correlation in which large values of one variable are associated with small values of the other; the correlation coefficient is between 0 and -1 indirect correlation between the length of CCC and the firm size, in terms of both variable net sales Net Sales The amount a seller receives from the buyer after costs associated with the sale are deducted. Notes: This amount is calculated by subtracting the following items from gross sales: merchandise returned for credit, allowances for damaged or missing goods, freight and total assets. Furthermore, the study by Uyar(2009) investigate the correlation between the length of CCC and the profitability of the company. The finding showed there is a significant negative correlation between these two variables. In addition, the study by Rehman (2006) stated that managers can create a positive value for the shareholders by reducing the cash gap up to an optimal level To underline the importance of managing liquidity, Loeser (1988) mentioned the extreme way in order to reduce the cash cycle. Loeser recommended interest to be charged at the prime rate to outstanding accounts receivable and unbilled revenue. This is to encourage responsible employees and particular departments within companies to put every effort necessary to collect receivables, and thus reduce Cash gaps. Similarly, study by Fraser (1998) who argues that liquidity and Cash gap management starts with a simple task for financial managers by making certain that their billings, collections, and payables systems are operating efficiently. Management must be certain with the procedures of collecting the payment so that the cash collecting process will organized eventually. Critics and disadvantages on liquidity ratio Besides the benefit in liquidity management and working capital, it also arise some critics such as stated by Hawawini et al. (1986) argue that in order to get the relevant analysis result, it is a better for the firm to apply the concept of working capital investment in its operating cycle rather than the usage traditional concept of net working capital. This argument also supported by Finnerty (1993) which mentioned that the current ratio and quick ratio calculated in traditional liquidity ratios include both liquid financial assets and operating assets in their formula. This is according an ongoing concern point of view that identified inclusion of operating assets which are tied up in operations is not useful. Subsequently, Kamath (1989) argues that both current and quick ratios are static analysis in nature because the usage of past performance. These two ratios have the lack of information on the future cash flows and liquidity. There was suggestion by Gitman (1974), Richard and Laughlin (1980), Boer (1999), and Gentry et al., (1990) to replace the use of liquidity ratio with cash gap as a measure of available liquidity. This is due to the dynamic nature of cash cycles and also involved tradeoffs. As suggest by Kamath (1989) the Cash gaps (cash gap) can be used to replace or s liquidity ratios in measuring and predicting the nature and pattern of future cash flows. The Cash gap measures the length of time between actual cash payment on productive resources especially from the raw material and actual cash receipts from the sale of products or services. It is good for the company to have a short Cash gap because the longer the gap the longer company has to rely on the external financing. T he result was company will suffer of increasing interest cost. In Saudi Arabia the interest cost is more expensive in due to the absence of tax savings. Instead of paying taxes, national companies incorporated in Saudi Arabia are not required to pay zakat (level or fixed percentage tax required by Islamic shariah). This is due to the characteristic of borrowing cost which is as a cheap basis of financing loses its tax advantage since there is no tax on Saudi companies profits. Likewise, reducing cash gaps by any number of days will add equally to the pretax and after-tax profits. Although the liquidity ratios is a very useful mechanism to analyze financial position of the companies, the usage of these ratio must be with discretion and caution especially in making comparison among company and across industry as mentioned by Abdullah and Ismail (2008) . The reason is because the different of accounting method and treatment used by the different companies, also different in ratio definition. Subsequently the mislead comparison be made. To avoid the mislead use, the standardize guideline is required. According to Gibson and Boyer (1991), without the standardize guideline, companies will only disclose the ratio that only benefit them. Due to the lack of guideline and standard, study done in Malaysia found that only some of the company disclosure a comprehensive of financial ratio. The study also disclosed that there are differences in choice of ratio, method of calculated the ratio among the companies. This situation doesnt allow for any comparison among the company. The researcher also found that the good performance companies tend to disclose more information as signal of their good quality to attract attention of investors. Gibson (1982) the lacks of ratio disclosure discourage the information user to know about the financial position because most of the important financial ratios were not discloses. Furthermore, most companies disclose the ratios that only favorable to benefit their position Liquidity and profitability There are a lot of research done to identify the significant relationship between liquidity management and companies profitability. Evidence from previous studies supported the fact that aggressive working capital policies could increase the profitability of the company. Jose et, al (1996) proved that the US companies incurred high profit which benefit from aggressive working capital policies. In addition, Shin and Soenen (1998) identified that there is strong negative relation between the period of the firms net trade cycle and various measures of profitability. The study was done using a large sample of American firms during 1975-1994, found that reducing the net trade increase companys profitability. The study also includes market measures, such as stock returns, and operating profits. Previous research evidence that aggressive working capital management that heavily invested in high inventory level could enhance profitability of the company as highlighted by Wang (2002) who done the research for Japanese and Taiwan companies and found that the less cash gap period, the better operating performance. The research also had done in any other country such Deloof (2003) in Belgian companies which find the company could improve the profitability by reducing the number of days of account receivable outstanding as well as at the same time reducing their inventories. However, according the study by Uyar (2009) examined the relationship between types of industry with cash gap. The further finding showed there is significant negative correlation between the length of CCC and the profitability. Similar to Ramachandran and Janakiraman (2009) also found negative relationship between Earnings before Interest and tax (EBIT) EBIT See: Earnings Before Interest and Taxes EBIT See earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT). and the cash gap. The study revealed that calculation EBIT shows how to manage the working capital of the firm. The negative relationships reflect to the lower gross EBIT was related with an increase in the accounts payable days. Thus the study identify that less profitable company will take advantage to pay for a longer to pay their bills. At the same time company also taking advantage of credit period granted by their suppliers. The study also found that there is the positive relationship between average receivable days and firms EBIT that suggested that less profitable company will try to pursue a decrease of their accounts receivable accounts receivable n. the amounts of money due or owed to a business or professional by customers or clients. Generally, accounts receivable refers to the total amount due and is considered in calculating the value of a business or the business problems in paying days in order to reduce their cash gap. The advantages of high inventory level are reducing in cost of possible interruption in the case of scarcity products. It can overcome the problem of price fluctuation; reduce supply cost (Binder and Maccini, 1991). The other advantages associated with high level inventory that allow trade credit which act as effective price cut (Brennan et. al, 1988; Petersen and Rajan, 1997), also encourage customer to purchase their resources at the lower price. As highlighted by Emery (1997). The company also could benefit long term relationship with the customers as mentioned by Ng et, al (1999). On the other hand there is contrary argument on aggressive policies that minimize on working capital which state that it would affect the profitability of the company as stated by Wang (2002) that if the inventory level is least, the company could face reduction in its sales. Similar to Ganesan (2007) that done the research on relationship of efficient capital management and profitability in telecommunication company that he identified that the efficiency working capital management was negatively associated to the profitability and liquidity. From the finding, it shows that when the working capital management efficiency was improved by decreasing days of working capital, there was improvement in profitability of the firms in terms of profit margin. Padachi (2006) examined the trend in working capital requirement and profitability of firms. This study is done to identify the causes for any significant differences between the industries. The finding reveals that high investment in inventories and receivables was associated with lower profitability. It has a significant negative effect between the inventories investment and profitability. The findings also recognized that an increasing trend in the short-term component in the short-term component of working capital financing. This finding also agreed by Raheman and Nasr (2007) also studied on the effect of working capital on liquidity towards profitability of the company. Further the study done also recognize that there was a negative relationship between liquidity and profitability of the company. Also, they find that there is a positive relationship between size of the company and its profitability and significant negative relationship between debt used by the firm and its profi tability. The similar study also done by Afza and Nazir (2007a) and they also found the same finding as previous research. In line with the study Afza and Nazir (2007b) further investigated the relationship between the aggressive/conservative working capital policies profitability as well as risk of public limited companies. The finding reveals that a negative relationship between the profitability measures of companies and degree of aggressiveness of working capital investment and financing policies. The companies will occur negative returns if they follow an aggressive working capital policy. Another study by Lazaridis and Tryfonidis (2006) that investigated the relationship of profitability which measured through gross operating profit and working capital management. The results of the study showed that there was a negative relationship between profitability and the cash gap which was used as a measure of working capital management efficacy. In order to generate can create profits for their companies, the management must handling correctly the cash gap and keeping each component like accounts receivables, accounts payables, inventory to an optimum level. Samiloglu and Demiraunes (2008) analyzed the effect of working capital management (which highlighted accounts receivable period, inventory period and leverage) on the profitability of the firms. The study depicted working capital has a negative effect on profitability of the companies profitability . Conclusion It is very important and first step taken to study the role of liquidity management policies on profitability of a company. Normally, the company decision whether they can face higher risk due to achieve higher profit. Iif a company desires to absorbed a greater risk for bigger profits and losses, it could reduces the size of its working capital in relation to its sales. If the main interest of the companies is improve its liquidity, it increases the level of its working capital. Therefore, a company should identify a balance between liquidity and profitability (Vishnani . Shah, 2007). . Before the companies adopt any method to increase the profitability, they should evaluate the tradeoff between expected profitability and risk on inventory investment. They have to make sure that the increase in profitability is more than the risk involved.

If You Really Like a Guy, Hit Him :: Personal Narrative Relationships Essays

If You Really Like a Guy, Hit Him I don’t remember wanting to punch Jeff. I remember wanting Jeff to â€Å"ask me out.† How I got into the position of hitting him is somewhat of a mystery to me. Jeff Stanford was the cutest guy in our third grade class. He had blonde hair, blue eyes-the whole shabang! He even wore tapered, stone washed jeans (it was the eighties, this was cool). He was my friend. I was, of all things, a tomboy. I ran faster then the boys. I could beat them all at tether ball. My hair was shorter then any of the boys, and I had the biggest crush on Jeff. Along with being head over heels in love with Jeff, I was a die hard Madonna fan. I had her tapes and even a sweatshirt with her picture on it. Jeff was not a Madonna fan. I thought this was something we could work out. Although we could not spend endless hours reciting lines from â€Å"Like a Virgin† together, we could always play tetherball. Tethe ball, at least at Pearson Elementary, was the game of champions. I loved to play, but at early recess the balls weren’t always up yet and Jeff, Kelly and myself sometimes had to make do with a rousing game of tag. This was definitely a â€Å"tag day.† â€Å"RUUUUUUUN Kelly, he is right behind you!!!!!† â€Å"Huh?† questioned Kelly. â€Å"Tagged you, tagged you!† taunted Jeff. â€Å"Ouch,† I screamed. â€Å"I have something in my eye.† I was completely serious. â€Å"There is something in my eye and it hurts!† I kept trying to get, whatever it was, out of my eye using the sleeve of my Madonna sweatshirt. Jeff was trying to help, in some way, but doing a piss-poor job of it. â€Å" What happened?† he asked. â€Å"Did Madonna stick her arm out and poke you in the eye?!!! Hahahahaaaahaaaha!† Boys are so dumb. â€Å"No.† It was all I could say, I didn’t have any witty come backs, but come on, he could have left me alone! â€Å"Why are you picking on me?† I asked. I wished he would just leave, but no, he kept taunting me. â€Å"You are so mean! LEAVE!† I shouted. For some unknown reason he didn’t get it! My eye still hurt, recess was almost over, and I decided I hated Jeff... WHAAAAP!!!!!!! I socked him. A right fisted jab, straight up the gut, full third grade force, and Jeff Stanford, my crush, went down.

Use of Acetazolamide in conjunction with Pilocarpine for the treatment of acute closed angle glaucoma in the elderly patient

Glaucoma has been reported as one of the main reasons for causing blindness all over the world. There are different types of glaucoma that is known. Fifty percent of Glaucoma cases are closed-angle glaucoma which usually affects Asians (â€Å"Glaucoma†, 2007).Many treatment methods are utilized in treating glaucoma. One method is the use of drugs. Different drugs have different effect and each have their own unique benefits. There are also known side effects brought about by use of prescribed drugs. However, combination of drugs has been also prescribed to patients but this should be done with regular consultation with the patient’s physician.Two commonly prescribed drugs used in treating closed-angle glaucoma are Acetazolamide and Pilocarpine. Normally they are used singly and separately. This paper intends to show the effect of these two drugs when used in combination during the treatment process.Since the elderly comprises a large percentage of glaucoma patients, thi s paper intends to show the effects of the combined use of these drugs specifically on the elderly patients.Acute Closed Angle GlaucomaGlaucoma is a type of an eye disease which is caused by the increasing intraocular pressure or fluid pressure that may end into the malfunctioning of the drainage system or structures of the eye and lesser visual acuity. Glaucoma has different types. The first and most common is the open angle glaucoma (â€Å"Glaucoma†, 2007). Another type which is very rare is the congenital glaucoma (â€Å"Glaucoma†, 2007). It is mostly seen in newborns and this type requires surgery.Another one is the acute angle closure or the acute closed angle glaucoma (â€Å"Glaucoma†, 2007). This type of eye disease occurs abruptly and also to those people that have an eye condition called farsightedness (â€Å"Glaucoma†, 2007). This eye condition is also irreversible. In some cases, closed angle glaucoma manifests some symptoms like: a) headache; b) glare and light sensitivity; c) sudden decrease of vision; d) nausea and vomiting; and e) extreme eye pain.The following symptoms are also used to categorize the closed angle glaucoma from the other types of glaucoma. The prevalence is more on females than in males. Other possible cause of closed angle glaucoma includes intake of specific anti seizure medicines, antihistamines, asthma medications, and antidepressants; darkness and emotional stress.AcetazolamideThere are several methods use to treat closed angle glaucoma. Physicians usually use acetazolamide for the initial interference(Darkeh & Silverberg, 2006). Acetazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. Their brand names are Diamox and Sequels.   The chemical content of acetazolamide which is the carbonic anhydrase works for the breakdown and production of carbon acid and also for the inhibition of the production of bicarbonate (â€Å"Acetazolamide†, 2004). Bicarbonate is an important substance needed for the pro duction of fluids in the eye (â€Å"Acetazolamide†, 2004).Therefore, intake of acetazolamide will lessen the bicarbonate production which also reflects with the decrease in the amount of fluid in the back of the eye. When it happens, the intraocular pressure in the eye will be lessened.The drug will take effect within an hour and last for 12 hours but the peak of this drug is on its 4th hour (Darkeh & Silverberg, 2006). This drug is not prescribed for long term medication because if acetazolamide is taken for a long time, it will manifest more side effects.

Simple Dessiner (to Draw) Verb Conjugations in French

Simple Dessiner (to Draw) Verb Conjugations in French How would you say to draw in French? If you answered with the verb  dessiner, then you would be correct. When you want to change this to the past tense drew or the present tense drawing, then the verb needs to be conjugated. The good news is that this one is relatively straightforward. Conjugations of the French Verb  Dessiner Dessiner  is a  regular -ER verb  and it follows the most common verb conjugation pattern in the French language. You can use the same infinitive endings you learn in this lesson and apply them to countless other words, including  demander  (to ask) and  diner  (to have dinner). Before any conjugation, we must identify the verb stem and for  dessiner, that is  dessin-. To this, we can add a variety of endings according to the subject pronoun to help our sentences make sense. As an example, adding a simple -e  creates the present tense  je  form so I am drawing becomes je dessine. Similarly, we will draw becomes nous desinerons. Subject Present Future Imperfect je dessine dessinerai dessinais tu dessines dessineras dessinais il dessine dessinera dessinait nous dessinons dessinerons dessinions vous dessinez dessinerez dessiniez ils dessinent dessineront dessinaient The Present Participle of  Dessiner A  quick change to an -ant  ending and  dessiner  is transformed into the  present participle  dessinant. This is a verb, of course, though you might also find it useful as an adjective, gerund, or noun at times. The Past Participle and Passà © Composà © For the past tense drew, the options are the imperfect form or the  passà © composà ©. To form the latter, begin by conjugating the  auxiliary verb  avoir  to the subject pronoun, then add the  past participle  dessinà ©. The passà © composà © comes together quickly: I drew is jai dessinà © and we drew is nous avons dessinà ©. More Simple  Dessiner  Conjugations to Learn As your French improves, you will find uses for other simple forms of  dessiner  as well. For instance, when the action is uncertain, the subjunctive verb mood is used. In similar fashion, if the drawing requires that something else also happens, you can turn to the conditional verb form. The passà © simple is primarily found in literature, as is the imperfect subjunctive. While you may not use these personally, familiarizing yourself with them will aid your reading comprehension. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je dessine dessinerais dessinai dessinasse tu dessines dessinerais dessinas dessinasses il dessine dessinerait dessina dessint nous dessinions dessinerions dessinmes dessinassions vous dessiniez dessineriez dessintes dessinassiez ils dessinent dessineraient dessinrent dessinassent To use  dessiner  in short, direct statements, the imperative form is used. In this conjugation, keep things short and sweet and forget about including the subject pronoun: use dessine rather than tu dessine. Imperative (tu) dessine (nous) dessinons (vous) dessinez

The Policy about Open Educational Resources on the Commonwealth of Learning

The Policy about Open Educational Resources on the Commonwealth of Learning Open Educational Resources (OER) practice was adopted during 2002 Forum organized by UNESCO. The main concept of OER is associated open and free use of resources for teaching, development, learning, and research. All the materials could be shared in digital formats via various online and offline media platforms.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Policy About Open Educational Resources on the Commonwealth of Learning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Such a policy introduced by the Commonwealth of Learning provides a wider access to education by reducing costs and improving the quality of learning. Despite numerous advantages, the OER movement undergoes heavy criticism due to the failure and insularity to connect its main activities with larger target audience (The Commonwealth of Learning, n. d.). There are also doubts concerning the nature of motives claimed by the Commonwealth because of accusations of imperialism , as well as discrimination in terms of political, cultural, and economic preferences. In this respect, developing a learning environment for students from United Arab Emirates to study English and IT is a challenge because of the established restrictions. To undermine the rationale for OER, Rolfe (2012) and Willems (2012) emphasis is placed on the challenges of copyright, as well as problems with IT support. In particular, the means of information sharing raise equity consideration for students whose learning skills and experience do not allow them to engage fully into academic process. Besides, developing countries face difficulties in ensuring sufficient IT assistance for students participating in OER movement. Apart from the problems with technical support, Schmidt-Jones (2012) and Lane (2012) discuss the importance of motivation for students to make inquires through OER systems, which are predetermined by the availability of the learning modules.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In fact, most people need constant supervision and assistance for obtaining information via Internet sources. Finally, availability of the resource cannot guarantee community’s active participation in movement. In this respect, Scanlon (2012) refers to the community’s potential using open resources for self-development. Free and open education often prevents teachers from assessing their experience and readiness to obtain and share information independently (Gil et al., 2012). Therefore, being a teacher of English as a second language and IT, it is purposeful to integrate training programs for students to have a better idea of the movement. Despite the fact that OER practices generate constant information sharing and exchange, as well as gaining experience in online learning, there are still a number of challenges characterized by economic and cultural factors (Richter, 2012). In this respect, Hodgkinson-Williams (2012) recognizes that OER can be successful in case teachers and learners overcome educational gap and ensure the development of educational justice. Sharing educational resources remains a challenge for teachers and students whose IT competence is below the established level (Gil et al., 2012). In order to overcome this problem, Thakrar et al. (2009) insists that OER can be successful in case such constituents as accessibility, support for teachers, accommodation for cultures, adequate resources, and institutional practices are presented. Overall, OER movement should continue promoting its practices despite a number of challenges that are typical of developing economies deviating from Western industrialized culture. It is highly important to reconsider the policy introduced by the Commonwealth of Learning to fill in the educational gaps and enrich learners and teachers with the necessary experience in handling IT resources and integrating distant learning.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Policy About Open Educational Resources on the Commonwealth of Learning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Support provided for learners and teachers is indispensible for improving social inclusion and developing world’s educational network. References Gil, P. P., Candelas, F. A., Garcà ­a, G. J., Jara, C. A. (2012). Open Educational Resources: The Role of OCW, Blogs, and Videos in Computer Networks Classroom. International Journal Of Emerging Technologies In Learning, 7(3), 4-10. Hodgkinson-Williams, C. (2012). The role of postgraduate students in co-authoring open educational resources to promote social inclusion: a case study at the University of Cape Town. Distance Education, 33(2), 253-269. Lane, A. (2012). A review of the role of national policy and institutional mission in European distance teaching universities with respect to widening participation in higher education study through open educational resources. Distance Education, 33(2), 135-150. Richter, T. (2012). Open educational resources: education for the world?. Distance Education, 33(2), 201-219. Rolfe, V. (2012). Open Educational Resources: Staff Attitudes and Awareness. Research In Learning Technology, 20(1), 1. Scanlon, E. (2012). Open educational resources in support of science learning: tools for inquiry and observation. Distance Education, 33(2), 221-236.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Schmidt-Jones, C. (2012). An Open Educational Resource Supports a Diversity of Inquiry-Based Learning. International Review Of Research In Open And Distance Learning, 13(1), 1-16. Thakrar, J., Zinn, D., Wolfenden, F. (2009). Harnessing Open Educational Resources to the Challenges of Teacher Education in Sub-Saharan Africa. International Review Of Research In Open And Distance Learning, 10(4),1-16. The Commonwealth of Learning. (n. d.). Open Educational Resources (OER). Retrieved from https://www.col.org/ Willems, J. (2012). Equity considerations for open educational resources in the glocalization of education. Distance Education, 33(2), 185-199.

Discussion Question 14 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion Question 14 - Essay Example I will ensure that every patient is cared for, and all their needs are addressed in time. As an action oriented nurse, I will strive to keep abreast of information and research in order to meet daily and emerging challenges. I will always show respect to my colleagues and most of all my seniors as a sign of diligence to my nursing career. I will adopt collaborative practice where I will strive to integrate my fellow members in research, studies, learning and practice. Collaborative practice is paramount in extending unity and consistency in decision making in a health care facility (Bankston & Glazer, 2013). Furthermore, collaborative practice will help achieve the set goals, such as meeting the patient’s needs. Over and above, being action oriented and professional will enable me to strengthen and empower the health care industry through addressing health inequalities and helping increase access to health care

The beginning of English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The beginning of English - Essay Example umber of branches including the Germanic branch lived somewhere between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea six thousand years ago (McCrum, Cran and MacNeil 1). This population then expanded and migrated eastward, westward and northward and inhabited most of Europe. A casual comparison between Indo-European and English reveals similarities among them (Hogg 67). By studying cognates, words of common origin in different languages, linguistics were able to make qualified guesses about what words may have looked like in a proto-language. Cognates also reveals systematic sound changes that have occurred as new languages have emerged. English has an alphabetic writing system based on the Roman alphabet that was brought to Anglo-Saxon England by Christian missionaries and church officials in the 600s AD (Hogg 55). An earlier Germanic writing system called runes, also alphabetic and originating eventually from the same source as the Roman alphabet, was used for incantations, curses, and a few poems, when the tribes were still on the continent and also after their migration to Britain, up until Christianization (Hogg 87). Crucial elements of the sound stream of a message are thus captured by a linear sequence of marks that can be sounded out to recapture the message by means of its sounds. The entire sound stream is not captured, but enough of it is to provide a prompt for lexical recognition. Other kinds of writing systems are based on written representation of other linguistic units such as syllables, words, or some mix of these (Hogg 98). The Standardization of English is divided into periods. The first is the Primitive Old English Period between 450AD and 700AD. In 500 BC, Britain was invaded by Celtic tribes, who ruled the Island (Hogg et al.). In 43 A.D., however, the islands were invaded by Emperor Claudius and Britain became part of the Roman Empire. When the Roman Empire collapsed and the Roman legionaries went home, they left a power vacuum in Britain. The Scots