Roosevelts Socialist Plans Essay - 1732 Words

The year of 1929 was the beginning year of a depression that changed America forever. The fall of the New York Stock Exchanged in October of 1929 is what signified the beginning of the economic disaster known as, the Great Depression. During the Great Depression many banks failed, unemployment rates rose, and people lost faith in the economy. (About the Great Depression) A combination of all those things led to the downward spiral of the American economy. During this time people needed someone to look up to for change and guidance, that person was Franklin D. Roosevelt. Roosevelt was elected president in 1932. Once he was elected he came up with the New Deal programs. These programs were a series of government funded projects that†¦show more content†¦Passing all of these programs gave the national government a tremendous amount of power and scared many Americans. At first the Supreme Court agreed with the scared Americans and ruled that certain parts of New Deal programs regulated the economy too much. This frustrated both FDR and Congress so much that they came up with the idea to enlarge the Supreme Court’s number from nine to fifteen so that FDR could get the liberal votes that would pass New Deal programs. This suggestion, known as the â€Å"Court-packing plan†, angered many people because FDR was trying to manipulate the government. The â€Å"Court-packing plan† never was passed. However, the Court eventually gave in to some of the New Deal programs and passed them. (O’Connor 106). Passing all these programs drastically changed the federal government. A federal system of government is â€Å"where the national government and state government share power, derive all authority from the people, and the powers of the government are specified in a Constitution.† (O’Connor 107) Since Congress passed all of these programs the states lost power and the government partially lost its federal system mentality and gained a socialist mentality. Socialism is â€Å"a theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of means of production and distribution, of capital, land, ect., in the community as a whole.† (Socialism) That is exactly what Roosevelt was leading towards. His plans to regulateShow MoreRelatedFranklin D. Roosevelt vs. Barack Obama755 Words   |  4 Pagesare still in effect today. To avoid our current recession, will Barack Obama choose to base his policies off of FDR’s in hopes that the same plan will work twice? There are some similarities and differences between the political action today and the action during the Great Depression. Within just the first 99 days of his election as President, Roosevelt’s New Deal was put into action with the support of Congress. The New Deal was proposed to help relieve those who were unemployed or in dangerRead More Franklin Roosevelts New Deal Essay examples897 Words   |  4 PagesIt was called relief. Franklin Roosevelts New Deal provided relief to millions of Americans who had lost their homes, their jobs, and their hope. Many others felt that the radical new policies of FDR threatened the sanctity of the Constitution and free enterprise. Roosevelts New Deal policies had many critics but among the most vocal were groups like the American Liberty League and powerful Socialists who argued that the New Deal policies either went too far or not far enough in solving theRead MoreEssay on 2003 Dbq862 Words   |  4 Pagesresponses of Franklin D. Roosevelts administration to the problems of the Great Depression. How effective were these responses? How did they change the role of the federal government? Roosevelts first task upon taking office was to alleviate the panic that was threatening to create chaos in the financial system. He did so in part by force of personality and in part by constructing very rapidly an ambitious and diverse program of legislation. Much of Roosevelts success was a result of hisRead MoreThe New Deal: DBQ1337 Words   |  6 Pagesand his new policies would soon sweep over the country. Roosevelts responses to the problems of the Great Depression were successful in strengthening the power of the federal government and instilling hope in the public, yet were unsuccessful in that they did not help him achieve his intended goal: the restoration of the economy. His responses were, however, radical in the way they made use of the power of the federal government. Roosevelts New Deal involved the institution of many programs toRead MoreThe New Deal: An Experiment in Liberalism Essay1339 Words   |  6 PagesFranklin Delano Roosevelt. Roosevelt’s campaign for the presidency in 1932 pledged vigorous action and â€Å"bold and persistent experimentation† in response to the Great Depression. Roosevelt defeated Republican incumbent Herbert Hoover in the 1932 election by a significant margin and immediately began his â€Å"experimentation† called the New Deal. The New Deal’s willingness to identify problems and to try to solve them represented a departure from the laissez-faire policies of Roosevelt’s predecessors and changedRead MoreLife and Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt1112 Words   |  5 Pageshim as a virtual socialist. Liberal historians of the 1940s and 1950s lionized him for leading a popular crusade to restore prosperity and justice in America. The radical historians of the 1960s viewed him as a servant of capital, seeking mainly to restore capitalism to health and not truly interested in helping the downtrodden,†(Burns). The people who did not like Roosevelt accused him of trying to destroy the government/economy, but eventually they realized he helped it. Roosevelt’s family was veryRead MoreEssay on New Deal774 Words   |  4 Pages The most active First Hundred Days was under president Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s first term. In a desperate attempt to solving the woes of the American population, FDR and his Congress passed more bills than any other president-congressional combination as ever done in their first impression time period. FDR’s domestic policy, known more widely as the New Deal, was intended to be a group of innovative measures to counteract the effects of the Great Depression. Roosevelt and the U.S. CongressRead MoreFranklin Delano s New Deal Radical1405 Words   |  6 PagesWas Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s New Deal Radical? The end of the first world war brought about a recession and then nearly a decade of prosperity in the United States. However, on October 29th, 1929, during Herbert Hoover’s presidency, the stock market crashed due to a multitude of problems within the country. At this point, thousands of people that had prospered before the crash, were homeless, jobless, and in a state of penury. In the 1932 election, Franklin Delano Roosevelt ran against the formerRead MoreThe United States During The Indochina War979 Words   |  4 PagesFrance’s establishment of political control; it also disapproved of Britain’s, in which the United States did not have a good relationship with regarding this subject. After Roosevelt’s passing, this policy and belief of anti-colonization was not the concern of the new president and administration. Since this was Roosevelt’s personal belief, we see this clearly when France is being heavily attacked and invaded by Germany. France asked the United States to aid them and Roosevelt did not officiallyRead MoreNew Deal Under Attack1560 Words   |  7 PagesNew Deal. I’m going to compare document 24-3 with document 24-5. I intend to describe the opponents of the New Deal, and the differences between Herbert Hoover and Huey Long’s plans. The first document is about Huey Long’s beliefs and his redistribution of wealth plan. He expresses his sheer disappointment over Roosevelt’s New Deal program and regrets supporting him in the election. The second document is about the conservative criticisms of the New Deal. Herbert Hoover’s anti-New Deal campaign speech

Discuss the flexible price monetary model of exchange rate

Essays on Discuss the flexible price monetary model of exchange rate determination and its ability to explain foreign exchange movements. How realistic is the assumption that prices are fully flexible Does this model perform well when tested empirically Essay Finance and accounting Flexible price monetary model as d by Frenkel (1979) works with assumption that prices are all flexible. The supply curve is always vertical and a shift in demand has no effect on the output. Output level cannot be adjusted up or down because it is determined by side factors of supply. Effects on foreign exchange are determined using the monetary model (Riad 2008).the government suggests the use of monetary policy and fiscal to ensure stability of exchange rate and price. Monetary model assumes equilibrium. The flexible model of price monetary assumes that the capital is mobile that is foreign and domestic bonds are considered perfect substitutes. In this regard there are negligible transaction costs, markets are very competitive and all investors hold expectations of exchange rate with a lot of certainty (Friedman Woodford 2010). In the monetary model, all the prices including the wages are considered to be flexible. The economic agents are also rational. In this model capital is mobile, PPP will hold continuously and supply of money is normally exogenous. The attention is given to the money market because there is no independent role by bonds in exchange rate determination. An increase in the domestic income will automatically lead to increase in demand for money whereas an increase in domestic interest leads to depreciation of domestic currency. The monetary assumes a stable foreign and domestic demand functions for money and excellent capital mobility (Craigwell 2009). Flexible model assumes the parity of purchasing power will always hold. The exchange rate is therefore considered to be constant. This model assumes that an increase in the output of a given country will result in depreciation of the currency. This is because real income growth increases money demand in order to finance bigger value of all transactions. According to the flexible model, increase in domestic interest will cause a decrease in the demand for the domestic money hence causing depreciation of the currency. This means that if the increase rate is caused by tightness in monetary, it will lead to home currency appreciation or if caused by inflation the result will be depreciation of home currency. Naturally monetary model states that exchange rate is always determined by three variables which are relative interest rate, money supply and a relative national output (Zhang 2007). An example of exchange rates is using two different countries that produce the same kind of goods. Wealth constraint for all domestic residents: W=M+V where M stands for the money stock and B represents bonds. The bonds are assumed to be perfect substitutes. Equilibrium in money market suggests equilibrium also in bond markets. An exchange rate is a price or prices. An exchange rate between any two currencies, according to flexible model is the ratio of the currency’s value determined by money supply basis and demand positions for money of the two given countries. An increase in the rates that are prevailing in the market will lead to a rise in foreign exchange prices. In the flexible model prices are considered to be flexible because they normally adjust very fast in all money markets. In this model domestic money is only demanded by domestic people while foreign money by foreign residents only. The exchange rate will adjust so that the level of price equilibrates supply and demand for money hence the equilibrium of money market. Demand for the money will depend positively on the income and depend negatively on nominal interest rate level. According to the parity of purchasing power, exchanged rate is a s a result of dividing home country price level with the one from foreign country. That is P=eP* , where P represents level of domestic price and P* the level of foreign price whereas e is the exchange rate (Watch 2010). The equation of money demand is shown as Md=kPy and here k is usually constant and y represents level of real income. Flexible exchange rates always protect nations from the unexpected foreign economic changes. For example they may protect a country from high foreign inflation rates. In the flexible approach, increase in money leads to higher levels of price and hence domestic currency depreciation. When the money supply is less than the domestic output there will be a lot of demand for money balances which will result to domestic currency appreciation. When there is interest rate rise, there will be less demand for the money and therefore the domestic currency will depreciate. Any increase in the supply of money will raise the level of domestic price. Dornbusch (1976) feels that the assumption of flexible price that PPP continuously holds and that real rate of exchange doesn’t change is very unrealistic (SHARAN 2012). In real life, the exchange rate has changed in the short run at some point in time. However nominal exchange rate variability has been greater. Whenever there is an increase in real domestic income, the agents are likely to reduce their expenditure on services and goods so as to increase money balances (Zhang S 2005). Equilibrium will then be restored through the parity purchasing power and appreciation of domestic currency. A decline in real domestic income will cause the opposite process of equilibrium. The assumption that prices are flexible is somewhat not realistic. This is because when exchange rates are flexible they will influence a nation to determine monetary policies on their own (Marthinsen 2014). The presence of price flexibility cannot alter any standard prescriptions for money policy in an open economy. It implies that the optimal rate of exchange rule in a price flexibility environment acts to minimize degree of flexibility of price (DOR 2012). The reason is price flexibility is expensive. In addition flexible model assumes that foreign and domestic goods are great substitutes and hence no barriers international trading of goods. For this reason assumption of flexibility of prices for the goods is tantamount to the conclusion that PPP holds all the time (Butgereit 2013) The model has been put into empirical testing. However, the results received have greatly been disappointing. During high inflation periods the models works well because the supply of money changes tend to influence prices and exchange rates (Apte 2008). The parity of purchasing power is an important aspect in the model and as noted it doesn’t hold well empirically mostly in the short run. The model has poorly performed when tested empirically. Flexible model can also be tested in the short as well as long run. One of the tests for flexible model was done by Frenkel over the high inflation rate in Germany. In all monetary models coefficients are said to be insignificant or that there are wrong signs. An example of the poor performance is if there could have been omitted variables while testing. Boughton (1987) also states that the variables explain a small portion of the changes in exchange rate which means that the rate movements can be responses to disturbances that are unf oreseen. Rogoff and Meese used the empirical method of parameters of the exchange rate models. They used â€Å"random walk† model assuming the exchange rates are always driven by random shocks that are unpredictable, this is so that a guess about exchange rate tomorrow is only today’s rate of exchange. They found that the exchange rate would not outperform the random walk (Nakaruma 2013). An empirical test was used in Taiwan to show the validity of PPP on Taiwan and other industrial countries. The data used was bilateral exchange rates in Taiwan relative to US, France and other countries and the price index of consumers in each of these countries. There is difficulty in choosing which index to use for PPP calculations. Therefore this leads to poor performance of the model. The monetary model has performed very poorly on sample forecasts and also on estimation. In the flexible model the money supply coefficient is always positive and also equal to one on money neutrality. When t he sample period for empirical testing was extended from 1978 onwards, the regressions produced disappointing results. The results by Frankel (1984), Dornbusch (1980) and Taylor (1992) yielded wrongly and hence the regressions produced poor performance on the samples (Cao, Ying 2011). It is therefore easier to conclude that the flexible model does not perform well when it is tested empirically. Bibliography Apte. 2008. International Finance. California: Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Butgereit, F. 2010. Exchange rate determination puzzle long run behavior and short run dynamics. Hamburg: Hamburg Diplomica-Verl. Cao Yong, O. W. 2011, June 25. PPP and the Monetary Model of Exchange-Rate ... - ç™ ¾Ã¥ º ¦Ã¦â€"‡å ºâ€œ. Retrieved March 4, 2015, from wenku.baidu.com/view/cc9ac6140b4e767f5acfcedf.htm Craigwell, R. ‎2009. Exchange Rate Determination in Jamaica - UWI St. Augustin. Retrieved March 4, 2015, from https://sta.uwi.edu/conferences/.../EXCHANGE_RATE_IN_JAMAICA.p... DOR, E. 2012. how do exchange rates move following an expansionary ... Retrieved March 4, 2015, from www.researchgate.net/...RATES...MONETARY.../0f3175302bfbbee3ea0... Friedman, B. M., Woodford, M. 2010. Handbook of Monetary Economics, Volume 3B. Burlington: Elsevier Science. Marthinsen, J. 2014. Managing in a Global Economy: Demystifying International Macroeconomics. Berlin: Cengage Learning. Nakamura, E. 2013, January 21. Price Rigidity: Microeconomic Evidence and ... Retrieved March 4, 2015, from www.columbia.edu/~en2198/papers/psurvey.pdf Riad, N. S. 2008. Exchange Rate Misalignment in Egypt. Chicago: ProQuest. SHARAN, V. 2012. INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT. India: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. watch, E. 2010, November 23. Retrieved March 4, 2015, from www.economywatch.com/exchange-rate/monetary-approach.html Zhang, b. S. 2007. The Monetary Exchange Rate Model - Journal of Economic . Retrieved March 4, 2015, from www.e-jei.org/upload/N4M17605Q4075475.pdf Zhang, S. 2005. cointegration in a monetary model of exchange ... - ASBBS. Retrieved March 4, 2015, from www.asbbs.org/files/2005/PDF/Zhang.pdf

Discussing Foot Reflexology Among Elderly Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

This chapter deals with the treatment of the informations analyzed based on the aim and hypothesis of the survey. The job stated is â€Å" An experimental survey to measure the effectivity of foot reflexology among aged people † . The treatment was based on the aims of the survey and the hypothesis specified in the survey. We will write a custom essay sample on Discussing Foot Reflexology Among Elderly Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now With regard of demographic features of the sample in of experimental group, the bulk 10 ( 33.33 % ) of aged people belong to the age group of 66-70yrs and 17 ( 56.67 % ) of the aged people were male,8 ( 26.67 % ) of them were illiterate, 11 ( 36.67 % ) of them were from Christians faith, 9 ( 30 % ) of them were divorced,12 ( 40 % ) of them were sedentary workers, 9 ( 30 % ) of them are gaining less than 1000 rupees and 3000-5000 rupees per month. There by 12 ( 40 % ) were populating in the urban country. With respect of demographic features of the sample in control group, the bulk 9 ( 30 % ) of the aged people were from the age of 71-75yrs, 16 ( 53.33 % ) of the aged people were male 11 ( 36.66 % ) of them were completed their, primary instruction. 11 ( 36.67 % ) of them were from Hindu religion,12 ( 40 % ) of them were married,13 ( 43.33 % ) of them were heavy workers, 9 ( 30 % ) of them are gaining less than 1000 rupees per month and 14 ( 46.67 % ) were populating in the semi urban country. The first aim was to measure and compare the pre and station trial degree of psychological well being among experimental group. The analysis of pre intercession degree of psychological well being of experimental group revealed that the bulk 15 ( 50 % ) were non good. The analysis of station intercession degree of psychological well being of experimental group revealed that the bulk 20 ( 66.66 % ) of them sing moderate degree of psychological well being. The experimental group showed a average value of 3.4 with standard divergence of 0.66 in pre assessment degree and a mean of 1.83 with standard divergence of 0.67 in station appraisal degree. The deliberate ‘t ‘ value was 13.7 which showed a important difference between the pre and station trial degree of psychological well being among experimental group of aged at P lt ; 0.05 degree. Hence the research hypothesis stated H1 denotes that †there is a important difference in pre and station trial degree of psychological well being among aged people of experimental group † was retained at P lt ; 0.05 degree. Kim, Hyang A ; Hye Gyung ( 2002 ) assessed the effects of pes Reflex Therapy on Health Status of Institutionalized seniors utilizing a quasi-experimental design. Pre and post-experiment steps were compared. Institutional seniors were selected as the experimental group and 15 as the control group. Foot automatic therapy was performed to the pess of seniors in the experimental group for 30 proceedingss twice a hebdomad for a month a sum of 8 times. The effects of pes reflexology on physical wellness such as systolic/diastolic force per unit area, pulse rate, respiration rate, musculus endurance, legerity, and psychological wellness such as perceptual experience of wellness position, perceptual experience of hurting, sleep form and religious wellness such as quality of life of institutionalised seniors were evaluated. The informations were analyzed utilizing SPSS + Personal computer 10.1for window with frequences, agencies and standard divergences, Chi-square trial and t-test. The surv ey provided support that pes automatic therapy for seniors promotes positive physiological responses, psychological wellness and quality of life. From this consequence it can be concluded that pes automatic therapy is effectual as a intercession for wellness publicity in seniors. The 2nd aim was to measure and compare the pre and station trial degree of psychological well being of the aged people among control group. The analysis of pre intercession degree of psychological well being revealed that the bulk of aged people in control group holding 15 ( 50 % ) were mildly good. The analysis of station intercession degree of psychological well being revealed that the bulk of 16 ( 53.33 % ) of the aged people in control group were mildly good. The control group showed a average value 3.23 with a standard divergence of 0.67 in pre assessment degree and a average value of 3.46 with a standard divergence of 0.66 in station appraisal degree. The calculated’t ‘ value was 0.92 which showed that there is no important difference in the pre and station assessment degree of psychological well being in control group. Hence the research hypothesis stated H2 denotes that there is a important difference between the pre trial and station trial degree of psychological wellbeing among aged in control group was rejected at P lt ; 0.05 degree. The 3rd aim was to compare the pre trial degree of psychological well being between experimental and control group of aged people. The experimental group showed a average value of 3.4 with standard divergence of 0.66 in pre assessment degree and the control group showed a average value 3.23 with a standard divergence of 0.67 in pre assessment degree. The deliberate ‘t ‘ value was 0.67 which showed that there was a no important difference between the pre and station trial degree of psychological well being of the experimental and control group at P lt ; 0.05 degree. Hence the research hypothesis stated earlier that H3 denotes â€Å" there is a important difference between pre trial degree of psychological well being among experimental and control group of aged people was rejected at P lt ; 0.05 † degree. The 4th aim was to compare the station trial degree of psychological well being between experimental and control group of aged people. The experimental group showed a mean of 1.83 with standard divergence of 0.67 in station appraisal degree and the control group showed a average value of 3.46 with a standard divergence of 0.66 in station appraisal degree. The calculated’t ‘ value was 7.98 which showed a important difference on the station trial degree of psychological well being between experimental and control group. This revealed that the degree of psychological well being in station trial degree in experimental group is enhanced than the control group. Hence the research hypothesis stated earlier that H4 denotes â€Å" there is a important difference between station trial degrees of psychological well being among experimental and control group of aged people was retained at P lt ; 0.05 degree. Williamson, White, Hart A ; Ernst ( 2004 ) did a randomized controlled test of reflexology for menopausal symptoms for Seventy-six adult females, aged between 45 and 60 old ages by utilizing the Women ‘s Health Questionnaire ( WHQ ) , the primary steps being the bomber scores for anxiousness and depression. Severity ( ocular parallel graduated table, VAS ) and frequence of flowers and dark workout suits Women were randomized to have nine Sessionss of either reflexology or nonspecific pes massage ( control ) by four qualified reflexologists. Mean ( SD ) scores for anxiousness fell from 0.43 ( 0.29 ) to 0.22 ( 0.25 ) in the reflexology group and from 0.37 ( 0.27 ) to 0.27 ( 0.29 ) in the control group over the class of intervention. Mean ( SD ) scores for depression fell from 0.37 ( 0.25 ) to 0.20 ( 0.24 ) in the reflexology group and from 0.36 ( 0.23 ) to 0.20 ( 0.21 ) in the control ( foot massage ) group over the same period. For both tonss there was strong grounds of a clip consequence ( P lt ; 0.001 ) but no grounds of a time-group interaction ( P gt ; 0.2 ) .The research worker concluded that pes reflexology was effectual in cut downing the menopausal symptoms like depression and anxiousness. The 5th aim was to tie in the pre trial degree of psychological well being among experimental group and control group of aged people with selected demographic variables: Association of pre assessment degree of psychological well being with demographic variables done utilizing chi-square trial. Data findings revealed that there was statistically important association in the pre trial degrees of psychological well being in experimental group merely with their age, educational position and faith. And besides the informations findings revealed that there was important association in the pre trial degrees of psychological well being of the control group merely with their age. Hence the research hypothesis H5 stated denotes that â€Å" there is a important association of pre trial degree of psychological wellbeing among experimental group and control group of elderly selected demographic variables was partly retained at P lt ; 0.05 degree. The 6th aim was to tie in the station trial degree of psychological well being among experimental group and control group of aged people with selected demographic variables: Association of station assessment degree of psychological well being with demographic variables done utilizing chi-square trial. Data findings revealed that there was a important association in the station trial degrees of psychological well being of the experimental group with their matrimonial position. And besides the informations findings revealed that there was no statistically important association of station assessment degree of psychological well being in control group with their selected demographic variables. Hence the research hypothesis H6 stated denotes â€Å" there is a important association of station trial degree of psychological wellbeing among experimental group and control group of elderly selected demographic variables at was denied P lt ; 0.05 degree. How to cite Discussing Foot Reflexology Among Elderly Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples